Who but a Fool turns away from Millah of Ibrahim !

CONTINUATION OF PREVIOUS ARTICLE, LINKED:

• The Mubtadi’ Ahmad ibn ‘Umar al-Hazimi

For Educational purpose only and to raise Intellectual and Political awareness!

Allah said, “And who turns away from the Millah of Ibrahim except him who fools himself?” [2:130]. Imaam ibn Kathir said it means, "one who commits injustice against himself by deviating from the truth, to wickedness. Such a person will be defying the path of he who was chosen in this life to be a true Imaam, from the time he was young, until Allah chose him to be His Khalil, and who shall be among the successful in the last life. Is there anything more insane than deviating from this path and following the path of misguidance and deviation instead? Is there more more injustice than this.” [Tafsir Ibn Kathir] 

The Millah of Ibrahim is the path of guidance and the one who forsakes it is a fool with no comprehension. Two groups have gone against this Millah; one being lax and forsaking it and the other going to an extreme and consequently forsaking it while trying to claim it. Al-Hazimi and the ignorant Mu’tazilah Hazimiyyah who have propped up this ignorant head have exceeded  the bounds of the Shari’ah, innovated and went to extremes in declaring the people of Tawheed as Kuffaar, Mushrikeen Allahul-musta’an. The root from which these Mubtadi’ah (innovators) stem from is their unprecedented and innovated saying that “Takfeer is asl ad-Deen”, and then based on that they falsely made absolute Takfeer on everyone who refrains from Takfeer on some Mushrikeen based on their “intellect”, as well as different reasons and then followed the tracks of the Mu’tazilah of Baghdad in making chain Takfeer. 

Shaykh ‘Ubaydah al-Athbaji said, “They differed over the basis and main cause behind his Kuffr upon the following statements: Whoever does not perform Takfeer upon the Mushrikeen did not understand Tawheed, whoever does not perform Takfeer upon the Mushrikeen did not disbelieve in the Taghout, whoever does not perform Takfeer upon the Mushrikeen rejected what is known by necessity in the Deen.” 

So from here we will, bi-idhnillah, refute this bida’ and clarify the evidences that they distort to fit into their desires. But first, what is the definition of asl ad-Deen in general and what is meant by it? Asl ad-Deen is in four issues: believing in Allah, worshipping Him alone, leaving the worship of others and having bara’ah from those who commit shirk with Him. Shaykhul-Islam ibn Taymiyyah said, “Ibrahim and Musa established asl ad-Deen which is believing in Allah, worshipping Him alone with no partners and having animosity to whomever disbelieves in Allah.” [Majmu’ al-Fatawa]. Asl ad-Deen is that which is established before the coming of any message or a Prophet, like the Tawheed of Allah in His Rububiyyah and Ilahiyyah. It is established innately in man from the ‘aql and fitrah that Allah has created mankind upon. 

Allah said, “And (mention) when your Lord took from the children of Adam – from their loins – their descendants and made them testify of themselves, (saying to them), “Am I not your Lord?” They said, “Yes, we have testified.” (This) – lest you should say on the day of Resurrection, “Indeed, we were of this unaware.” [7:72]. Imaam ibn Kathir said, “Allah stated that He brought the descendants of Adam out of their fathers’ loins, and they testified against themselves that Allah is their Lord and King and that there is nothing worthy of worship except Him. Allah created them on this fitrah, or way, just as He said, ‘So set you your face towards the din, Hanifah. The fitrah of Allah with which He has created mankind. No change let there be in the creation of Allah.” [Tafsir Ibn Kathir] 
And Imaam as-Sa’di said, “When He brought them forth from the wombs of their mothers and the loins of their fathers, He ‘made them testify concerning themselves (saying): ‘Am I not your Lord?’ that is, He asked them to affirm that He was their Lord, on the basis of what He instilled in their innate nature, that He is their Lord, Creator and Sovereign. ‘They said: ‘Yes’, we affirm that, because Allah created His slaves with a natural inclination towards the right way of Tawheed. Therefore everyone has this natural inclination, but that inclination may change and be altered because of corrupt beliefs by which it may be influenced. Hence ‘They said: ‘Yes! We testify,’ lest you should say on the Day of Resurrection: ‘Verily, we have been unaware of this’. That is, We tested you by asking you this question, in order to make you affirm that which was instilled in your innate nature, that Allah, may He be exalted, is your Lord, lest you deny that on the Day of Resurrection and therefore you do not affirm any of it, and you claim that the proof of Allah was not established against you and you have no knowledge of it; rather you were heedless and distracted from it. But today you have no excuses left, and the ultimate proof of Allah is established against you.” [Tafsir as-Sa’di] 

There is no excuse of ignorance or Tawil for the one who reaches maturity when it comes to issues of asl ad-Deen. Imaam at-Tabari after mentioning asl ad-Deen said, “There is no excuse of ignorance for anyone who reaches the age of Taklif.” [at-Tabsir mu’alam ad-Deen]. 
Shaykh ‘Ali al-Khudayr said, “In the chapter of major shirk there is no excuse of ignorance and this is a matter of consensus. The ijma’ for no excuse of ignorance is taken from ibnul-Qayyim in ‘Tariq al-Hijratayn’ and then it was taken by the aimmah ad-Da’wah.” An example of one going against this asl is if one was to make a sacrifice for an occupant of a grave or legislate a law or believes there is another creator besides Allah or loves shirk then this one is a Mushrik and not a Muslim because he nullified asl ad-Deen and did not fulfill it and there is no excuse of ignorance for him nor is any Tawil from him considered; he is a Mushrik. 

Allah said “And verily, We sent to every nation a Messenger (saying): ‘worship Allah and avoid Taghout…” [16:36]. Imaam at-Tabari said, “He mentions that, ‘Verily, We sent, oh mankind, in every ummah that preceded before you a Messenger like We have sent you (saying) worship Allah alone and do not commit shirk with Him; to single Him out with obedience and make your worship purely and sincerely for Him…and to stay far away from Shaytaan, being careful that he tempts you and prevents you from the path of Allah’s.” [Tafsir at-Tabari]. 
And Imaam ash-Shanqiti said, “The Majestic and Most High mentioned in this noble Ayah that He sent to every nation a Messenger calling to single out Allah alone in worship and to avoid worshipping anything else; and this is the meaning of ‘la ilaha illAllah” [Adwa al-Bayan]. 
Shaykh al-Mujaddid Muhammad ibn ‘Abdil-Wahhab said, “And from it is Khalil’s saying to the Kuffaar, ‘Verily, I am innocent of what you worship, except for the One who created me.’ He made an exception for his Lord among those who are worshipped and Allah mentioned this bara’ah and this muwalah as the explanation (tafsir) of the shahadah la ilaha illAllah. He said, ‘And he made it a word remaining among his offspring that perhaps they may return.'” [Kitab at-Tawheed]. After the coming of the Prophet Muhammad (saws) testifying to his messenger-ship entered into asl ad-Deen. Shaykhul-Islam ibn Taymiyyah said, “Asl ad-Deen: the testification that la ilaha illAllah and the testification that Muhammad in His slave and Messenger.” [Majmu’ al-Fatawa] 

The one who fulfills asl ad-Deen, worships Allah alone, does not commit shirk and believes in everything brought by the Prophet (saws), is a Muwahhid Muslim even if he does not know the precise details to it or the proofs or if he is asked what it is but does not know the specific definition. A proof for that is the Hadith on Mu’ath ibn Jabal (ra) where he said, ”While I was riding upon a donkey with the Prophet (saws), he said to me: ‘Oh Mu’ath! Do you know what is the right of Allah upon His worshippers, and what is the worshipper’s right upon Allah is?’ I replied: ‘Allah and His Messenger know best.’ He said: ‘The right of Allah upon His worshipper is that they worship Him without associating anything with Him. The worshipper’s right upon Allah is that He does not punish anyone who does not associate anything with Him.’ I said: ‘Shall I tell this to the people?’ He (saws) said: ‘Do not inform them since they may depend on it.” [as-Sahihayn]. 
Shaykh al-Mujaddid Muhammad ibn ‘Abdil-Wahhab said about this, “That most of the Sahabah were not aware of this issue.” [Kitab at-Tawheed] 
Shaykh Ahmad Jibril said, “The scholars talked about this matter under ‘The validity of Imaan for the blind follower in beliefs’… The first opinion is that you must know the proof as a condition for your belief, basically the Mu’tazilah (He said earlier: (The Mu’tazilah say) you must know proof from the Qur’an, Ijma’, Qiyas or whatever it is may be pertaining to your ‘Aqeedah and Mu’tazilah resort alot to the ‘aql). The second opinion (Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jama’ah) is that you do not need to know the proof as long as you follow in the truth, without having any hesitation or doubt… Shaykh ‘Ali al-Khudayr said it is permissible to follow in ‘Aqeedah matters, as long as you are firm in what you supposedly imitate, follow and do Taqleed in and have absolutely no doubts, even if you do not know the daleel… when the Sahabah entered the lands of the non-Arabs, they accepted the Imaan of the people. The Bedouins and the non-Arabs, none of them were ordered to sit and recite proof, nor were some quizzed and nor were some tested as to what is your proof that you believe in la ilaha illAllah Muhammad Rasulullah, like the Mu’tazilah say… Ibn Hazm said everyone else other than the Mu’tazilah said anyone who believes in his heart a true belief without any doubts, says it on his tongue, la ilaha illAllah Muhammad Rasulullah, accepts everything the Prophet (saws) came with is the truth and denounces everything other than that then he is a believer even if he is a muqallid.” [Sharh Usul ath-Thalathah] 
And on this point Imaam al-Barbahari said, “If you hear a man saying: ‘Tell me about Tawheed’ and ‘Explain Tawheed to me,’ know that he is a Khariji, a Mu’tazili.” [Sharh as-Sunnah] 

As far as Takfeer and viewing the Kuffr of the Kuffaar and Mushrikeen then this is from the aftermaths of this foundation (asl) not the asl itself. The one who refrains or doubts the Kuffr of the Kuffaar and Mushrikeen has by that action belied the clear texts and is like the one who denies something from the Shari’ah; such as the five Salawaat, the Akhirah etc. A scholar said, “The proofs from the Qur’an and the Sunnah indicate the obligation on a Mu’min (believer) to be disassociated from Mushrikeen and be convinced of their Kuffr when they know it and discover their misguidance. Allah says in the Glorious Qur’an, ‘And (remember) when Ibrahim said to his father and his people: ‘Verily, I am innocent of what you worship, except Him Who did create me; and verily He will guide me.’ And he made it (i.e. la ilaha illallah) a Word lasting among his offspring, that they may turn back.” [43:26-28]. This means to refer to it in declaring the Kuffr of Kuffaar, being disassociated from them and believing that Allah is the Only One to be worshipped. He also says, ‘Indeed there has been an excellent example for you in Ibrahim and those with him, when they said to their people: ‘Verily, we are free from you and whatever you worship besides Allah, we have rejected you, and there has started between us and you hostility and hatred for ever until you believe in Allah Alone.'” [60:4]. This is the Deen of Prophet Ibrahim and all the Prophets; bara’ah (disassociation) from anyone who worships other than Allah and believing in their Kuffr and misguidance until they believe in Allah. Every Muslim must disassociate themselves from anyone who worships other than Allah and believe in their Kuffr and misguidance until they believe in Allah, as Allah informed about Prophet Ibrahim and all the Prophets. The same applies to Allah’s saying, “Whoever disbelieves in Taghout and believes in Allah, then he has grasped the most trustworthy handhold that will never break.” [2:256]. Disbelieving in Taghout means disassociation from worshipping other than Allah and believing in its falsehood. Every mukallaf (person meeting the conditions to be held legally accountable for their actions) must worship Allah alone and believe that He is the Only One Who deserves to be worshipped, and that any other thing worshipped by the people, whether idols, trees, stones, jinn (creatures created from fire), angels or any other thing is falsely worshipped. Allah says, ‘That is because Allah — He is the Truth (the only True God of all that exists, Who has no partners or rivals with Him), and what they invoke besides Him, it is falsehood.” [22:62]'” 

And a scholar said, “If one knows the falsehood of a Kaafir but does not acknowledge their Kuffr or doubts it, one is considered a disbeliever in Allah and His Messenger and the ruling on such people is as the Jews and the Christians. They are Kuffaar according to the text of the Qur’an and the Sunnah, so all mukallafin must believe in their Kuffr and misguidance. A person who does not believe in their Kuffr or doubts it is like them, because they have denied the Saying of Allah and His Messenger and doubted it. The same applies to one who doubts the Hereafter and whether there is Jannah, Hellfire and Resurrection or not. Such a person is Kaafir until they believe in the Resurrection, Jannah and Hellfire, and that Allah has prepared Jannah for the pious and Hellfire for Kuffaar. We must believe in all this according to ijma’ (consensus). The same applies to a person who doubts that Allah deserves to be worshipped. Such a person is considered Kaafir of Allah, as Allah says, ‘That is because Allah, He is the Truth, and that which they invoke besides Him is batil...’ [31:30]. As for those who deny that Salaah is obligatory, they are considered Kuffaar according to ijma’, and a person who doubts the Kuffr of such people is considered a Kaafir as well, we seek refuge with Allah from that. The same applies to a person who denies the obligation of Zakaah (obligatory charity) or Sawm (Fast) in Ramadaan. Such a person is considered a Kaafir because they do not believe Allah, His Messenger and the ijma’ of the Muslimeen. Whoever doubts the Kuffr of such a person is considered a Kaafir as well, after being presented with the hujjah, because they have disbelieved in Allah, His Messenger and the ijma’ of the Muslimeen. These are grave issues which a seeker of knowlwdge should thoroughly examine so that they have deep insight. Laypeople; also should investigate the matter and not form an opinion until they ask the scholars and become well-informed, because the issues of Takfeer are serious, not trivial. Seekers of knowledge and scholars should clarify the ruling to people with its evidence. If a person finds anything problematic, they should not hasten to adopt an opinion; they should thoroughly investigate the evidence and ask the scholars in order to be well-informed. May Allah grant us success.” 

Takfeer is from the wajibat (obligations) of the Deen and it is not from asl ad-Deen. Imam al-Barbahari said, “None of the people of the Qiblah leave Islam unless they reject an Ayah from the Book of Allah, or reject any narrations from the Messenger of Allah (saws), or prays to other than Allah or sacrifices to other than Allah. If he does any of that, it is an obligation upon you to expel him from Islam.” [Sharh as-Sunnah]. What is the difference? Asl ad-Deen is that which is known through the ‘aql and fitrah and there is no excuse of ignorance in it, as well it is not a condition that the hujjah must be established before labeling one a Kaafir Mushrik. As for Takfeer, then it is not from asl ad-Deen and there is an excuse of ignorance and tawil, as well as a condition of one falling into Kuffr is that the hujjah must be established. Since Takfeer is not asl ad-Deen, asl ad-Deen being that which if one neglects is a Kaafir Mushrik even if he was ignorant or had a tawil, the one who refrains from Takfeer on some Kuffaar Mushrikeen or doubts in their Kuffr could be excused for ignorance with regards to their hukm or because of a shubhah that lead him to a tawil. Shaykh Sulayman al ash-Shaykh said, “If he is in doubt about their Kuffr or he is ignorant about their Kuffr, then the proofs for their Kuffr from the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of His Messenger (saws) are clarified for him, and if he doubts after that or hesitates, then he is a Kaafir according to the ijma’ of the ‘Ulama that whoever doubts the Kuffr of a Kaafir then he is himself a Kaafir.” [ad-Durar as-Saniyyah[. And Shaykh Muhammad ibn ‘Abdul-Latif al ash-Shaykh said, “One who allocates some places for his worship or believes that the obligation of Hajj falls from one who stands at these places, such a person’s disbelief is not doubted by those who have smelt the scent of Islam and one who doubts regarding his disbelief, then it is necessary to establish the hujjah upon him, and explain to him that this is Kuffr and shirk, and that taking these stones are making it equal to the rites of Allah which Allah has made standing upon to be a worship to Allah. And if the hujjah is established upon him and he still persists, then there is no doubt regarding his disbelief.” [ad-Durar as-Saniyyah] 

So, the one who refrains from making Takfeer on some Mushrikeen falls into Kuffr after or before the hujjah is established? After the hujjah is established by ijma’ of Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jama’ah. This is in contrast to the one who does not worship Allah alone or worships the Taghout or loves shirk or Kuffr, this one is a Kaafir Mushrik before the Message or hujjah because he has negated asl ad-Deen and did not fulfill it. Asl ad-Deen being that which is established before hujjah and known by the ‘aql and fitrah. Shaykhul-Islam ibn Taymiyyah said, “Takfeer is a Shari’ah ruling…” And he said, “Verily, Kuffr and Fisq are Shari’ah rulings and they are not like those rulings that which are taken from the ‘aql. The Kaafir is whomever Allah and His Messenger labeled a Kaafir and the Fasiq is whomever Allah and His Messenger labeled a Fasiq. This is just as the Mumin and Muslim is whomever Allah and His Messenger labeled a Mumin and Muslim…So this issue, all of it, is established by the Shari’ah.” [Majmu’ al-Fatawa]. And al-‘Allamah ibnul-Qayyim said, “(Pronouncing) disbelief is the right of Allah then His Messenger… Established by the Texts not the saying of Fulan… Whomever the Lord of the ‘alamin and His slave…described as Kaafir then he possesses Kuffr…” A scholar said, “Kuffr (disbelief) is a Shari’ah ruling that returns back to Allah and His Messenger (saws). Therefore, whatever the Book and the Sunnah establishes as Kuffr then it is Kuffr, and whatever is not established (by these two sources) to be Kuffr then it is not Kuffr. None can declare another to be a disbeliever until evidence is established from the Book and the Sunnah for their disbelief.” And Imam ibn Wazir al-Yamani said, “Takfeer is known solely by the revelation alone, it does not include the ‘aql.” [Al-‘Awasim wal-Qawasim]. And ‘Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Abdil-Wahhab said, “And in summary, it is obligatory upon those who are sincere to not speak about these matters without knowledge or evidences from Allah. And he should beware lest he expels a person from Islam merely because of his own interpretation.” [ad-Durar as-Saniyyah] 

Knowing Takfeer as being a ruling from the Shari’ah then it is possible for one to be ignorant of it until the matter is explained to him, unlike asl ad-Deen where ignorance is not an excuse. However, if the Kuffr of a certain group is clear and apparent, the reality and hukm of a certain group becomes manifest and widespread in that it is known just like the Kuffr of the Christians and all those who do not claim Islam is known, then the one who refrains from making Takfeer on them or doubts in their Kuffr disbelieves and the hujjah is considered as having been established upon him by the Message reaching him. Shaykhul-Islam ibn Taymiyyah said, “The Kuffr of these people (the Batiniyyah such as the Druze) is a matter over which the Muslimeen do not differ. Rather whoever doubts their Kuffr is a Kaafir like them. They are not at the level of the people of the Book nor the Mushrikeen. Rather, they are from the most deviant Kuffaar.” What is important regrading this is that the reason for the Kuffr of the one who does make Takfeer on the Kuffaar Mushrikeen is because of belying and rejecting the Texts (Qur’an, Sunnah and ijma’), not because it is asl ad-Deen or because he did not fulfill asl ad-Deen. Imam Qadi ‘Iyad said after mentioning the Kuffr of the one who does not make Takfeer on the Jews, Christians and all those who do not claim Islam, “…because the tawqif (revelation) and ijma’ have agreed upon their Kuffr so whoever halts regarding that then he has denied (kaththab) the text or the tawqif or doubts in it.” [ash-Shifa]. And some of the ‘Ulama of Najd said, “The one who does not make Takfeer of the Mushrikeen has not affirmed the Qur’an, and the Qur’an has made Takfeer of the Mushrikeen and ordered making Takfeer on them, taking them as enemies, and fighting against them.” [ad-Durar as-Saniyyah] 

An issue that throws some into confusion is the issue of bara’ah from the Mushrikeen being asl ad-Deen; as what was said earlier asl ad-Deen is to believe in Allah, worshipping Him alone, leaving the worship of others and having bara’ah from those who commit shirk with Him. The foundation of bara’ah here with regards to the Mushrikeen is the presence of enmity in the heart towards them because of their shirk, and to cut off love and to cut off aiding them. Shaykh Ishaq al ash-Shaykh said, “The foundation of bara’ah is in disassociation, which must originate from the heart, tongue and body.” [ad-Durur as-Saniyyah]. This is the foundation and asl ad-Deen, but when it comes to showing this bara’ah, this enmity, and making it apparent then it is from the wajibat of the Deen, not asl ad-Deen. Shaykh ‘Abdul-Latif al ash-Shaykh said, “The issue of making your enmity apparent is not from the matter of having enmity present (in the heart). Firstly, there is an excuse for the one who is weak or in fear because of His saying, ‘except if you fear a danger from them.’ Secondly, there is no alternative, because it enters into Kuffr bit-Taghout and there is a connection between loving Allah and His Messenger that a Muslim can not do without.” The one who believes in Allah, worships Him alone with no partners and leaves the worship of others but at the same time loves the Mushrikeen for their shirk is not a Muslim and has negated asl ad-Deen. Shaykhul-Islam ibn Taymiyyah said, “Asl ad-Deen is the worship of Allah, and its foundation is love, and inabah and ‘irad from all others and it is the fitrah that man was created upon.” [Majmu’ al-Fatawa]. And al-‘Allamah ibnul-Qayyim said, “Without doubt, the wickedness of worshipping others besides Allah is firmly established by the intellect and fitrah.” [Madarij as-Salikin]. One can not love Allah and Tawheed while at the same time love the Mushrikeen and shirk. 

This issue is hardly known except when one manifests its opposite. As such if one was to ally with the Mushrikeen against the Muwahhideen then this is clear evidence that the foundational bara’ah, enmity, the cutting off of love in the heart is absent and not present. Shaykh Nasir al-Fahd said, “Mudhaharah (allying and supporting) is from the foundations of Tawheed and it is from the greatest foundations of bara’ah and Kuffr bit-Taghout and from the greatest foundations of Millah Ibrahim; which is hating the Kuffaar and showing enmity towards them. Based upon that assisting and helping them (the Mushrikeen) against the Muslimeen proves two dangerous things: the removal of wala towards the believers, with proof that he gives support against them and assists in killing them, breaking them and humiliating them, and removal of bara’ah from the Kuffaar. Assisting the Kuffaar is proof of having wala towards them, exalting them, supporting them, strengthening them with that it incurs in humiliating the Muslimeen and gaining the upper hand over them. Because of that, these two foundations (wala’ah) and bara’ah have been demolished from him, and these two foundations are not excused by ignorance nor tawil.” [at-Tibyan]. So this is the entering of wala’ah and bara’ah into asl ad-Deen. But, there is a need to firmly know the difference between having the foundational bara’ah present in the heart, which is enmity, and showing this bara’ah, this enmity, and making it apparent. The first is asl ad-Deen, whereas the second is from the wajibat of the Deen and not asl ad-Deen, as has preceded. 

The matter of wala’ah and bara’ah entering into asl ad-Deen is matter that could be hidden to some scholars and students of knowledge and therefore do not see it as entering into asl ad-Deen but see it from the wajibat of the Din and not its asl. As long as one has enmity towards the Mushrikeen and does not love them and establishes worshipping Allah alone and leaving the worship of others then there is no problem if he sees wala’ah and bara’ah from asl ad-Deen or from the wajibat of the Deen. Shaykh Sulayman al ash-Shaykh said, “The Sixth Issue: Regarding wala’ah and bara’ah, is such part of the meaning of la ilaha illallah or one of its inferred requirements? The answer is to say that Allah knows best. But it is sufficient for a Muslim to know that Allah made it a duty upon him to take the Mushrikeen as enemies and to not take them as awliya, and He made it obligatory to love the believers and to take them as awliya. He made this a condition of Imaan, just as He negated the Imaan of whoever shows love to whoever opposes Allah and His Messenger, even if they were their fathers, sons, brothers, or tribesmen. As for that being part of the meaning of “la ilaha illallah” or one of its inferred requirements, then Allah did not burden us with looking into that. He only burdened us with knowing that Allah made what was mentioned above a duty and obligation, and obligated acting upon so. This is Fard and necessary without any doubt. And whoever considers that to be part of its meaning or inferred requirements, then that is fine and an added benefit. But whoever does not consider such, then he is not burdened to do so, especially during an argument or dispute, which leads to something wicked, including disagreement and division between the believers – those who upheld the obligations of Imaan, struggled for the sake of Allah, took the Mushrikeen as enemies, and took the Muslimeen as awliya. Therefore, remaining silent on such matters that lead to division is definitely obligatory. This is what is apparent to me, keeping in mind that the two opinions over which there is a dispute are similar in meaning. And Allah knows best.” [ad-Durar as-Saniyyah] 

By al-Akh ‘Isa ibn Abi ‘Abdillah