The correct and well-established definition of Makkan and Madeenan Quraan is the one in which the Chapters and verses that were revealed prior to the Hijrah or immigration of Prophet Muhammad (saws) from the city of Makkah to the city of Madeenah are known as 'Makkan'. All other Chapters and verses that were revealed after this time are termed 'Madeenan'.
The location of their revelation is not necessarily relevant to this classification, such that there may be certain revelations that were revealed in Makkah, but are classified as Madeenan because of the period of their revelation. A good example of this is the Chapter of An-Nasr which was revealed in Minaa (outskirts of Makkah) yet it is classified as a Madeenan Chapter because it was revealed while the Prophet (saws) was living in Madeenah just a few months before he (saws) passed away.
The Makkan part of the Noble Quraan deals mainly with
beliefs like the Creation as in the verse: "And a great number
of towns (their population) We destroyed (for their crimes). Our
torment came upon them (suddenly) by night or while they were taking
their midday nap." [7:4], the Oneness and Uniqueness of Allah as
in the verses: "Say (O Muhammad): 'He is Allah, (the) One. Allah
the Self-Sufficient Master, Whom all creatures need. He begets not,
nor was He begotten. And there is none co-equal or comparable unto
Him." [112], Prophethood, as in the verse: "It is He
(Allah) who has sent among the unlettered a Messenger (Muhammad) from
themselves, reciting to them His verses and purifying them and
teaching them the Book (Quraan) and wisdom (i.e. the Sunnah or
Prophet's sayings) — although they were before in clear error —."
[62:2], the revelation, as in the verse: "Verily, We have sent
it (this Quraan) down in the night of Al-Qadr (Decree)." [97:1], Angels, as stated in the verse: "Whoever is an enemy to Allah,
His Angels, His Messengers, Jibreel and Mika’eel, then verily, Allah is an enemy to the disbelievers."
[2:98], and The Day of Judgement as in verses: "Then (on the
Day of Judgement) as for him whose balance (of good deeds) will be
heavy. He will live a pleasant life (in Paradise). But as for him
whose balance (of good deeds) will be light. He will have his home in
a pit (Hell). And what will make you know what it is? (It is) a
fiercely blazing Fire!" [101:6-11]
General disobedience of man, and his punishment and reward are frequent themes in the Makkan verses.
The creation and development of man in the mother's womb is taken to be a wondrous thing.
Madeenan parts, on the other hand, are filled with laws, both universal as well as worldly (marriage, divorce, heritage, blood-money, other transactions, etc). Special emphasis is laid on justice and fairness. Social interaction and ethical rules have been elaborated time and time again. Politics, worship and prayers are also frequently discussed.
Next, is a list of the Makkan and Madeenan Chapters is provided for easy reference. The list is based on the classification used by the Mushaf we read today. For the sake of brevity, only the Chapter numbers are provided:
Makkan Chapters:
6/7/10/11/12/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/23/25/26/27/28/29/30/31/32/34/35/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/50/51/52/53/54/56/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/77/78/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/100/101/102/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/111/112/113/114.
Madeenan Chapters:
2/3/4/5/8/9/13/22/24/33/47/48/49/55/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/76/98/99/110.
Accordingly, the Makkan Chapters are 85 in number, and the Madeenan are 28, the total of which is 113, where it should be 114. The reason for missing a Chapter is the fact that we did not include the first Chapter in the Mushaf, which is Al-Faatihah, or the Opening Chapter. This Chapter has been reported as having been revealed twice, one time in Makkah and another in Madeenah. Therefore, it was not included in either of them.
It should be pointed out that the only way for us to know whether a Chapter is Makkan or Madeenan is through narration, and not by Ijtihaad (the exertion of effort on the part of a qualified Islamic scholar to deduce an Islamic law for an issue about which there is no clear, specific text). Thus, the only way to distinguish them is through authentic narrations from the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them narrated from the Prophet (saws).
General disobedience of man, and his punishment and reward are frequent themes in the Makkan verses.
The creation and development of man in the mother's womb is taken to be a wondrous thing.
Madeenan parts, on the other hand, are filled with laws, both universal as well as worldly (marriage, divorce, heritage, blood-money, other transactions, etc). Special emphasis is laid on justice and fairness. Social interaction and ethical rules have been elaborated time and time again. Politics, worship and prayers are also frequently discussed.
Next, is a list of the Makkan and Madeenan Chapters is provided for easy reference. The list is based on the classification used by the Mushaf we read today. For the sake of brevity, only the Chapter numbers are provided:
Makkan Chapters:
6/7/10/11/12/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/21/23/25/26/27/28/29/30/31/32/34/35/35/36/37/38/39/40/41/42/43/44/45/46/50/51/52/53/54/56/67/68/69/70/71/72/73/74/75/77/78/79/80/81/82/83/84/85/86/87/88/89/90/91/92/93/94/95/96/100/101/102/103/104/105/106/107/108/109/111/112/113/114.
Madeenan Chapters:
2/3/4/5/8/9/13/22/24/33/47/48/49/55/57/58/59/60/61/62/63/64/65/66/76/98/99/110.
Accordingly, the Makkan Chapters are 85 in number, and the Madeenan are 28, the total of which is 113, where it should be 114. The reason for missing a Chapter is the fact that we did not include the first Chapter in the Mushaf, which is Al-Faatihah, or the Opening Chapter. This Chapter has been reported as having been revealed twice, one time in Makkah and another in Madeenah. Therefore, it was not included in either of them.
It should be pointed out that the only way for us to know whether a Chapter is Makkan or Madeenan is through narration, and not by Ijtihaad (the exertion of effort on the part of a qualified Islamic scholar to deduce an Islamic law for an issue about which there is no clear, specific text). Thus, the only way to distinguish them is through authentic narrations from the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them narrated from the Prophet (saws).
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